In order to form a contract to come into being, there are five conditions:
- Offer
- Acceptance
- Consideration
- Intention to be legally bound
- Capacity to contract
Reference: CIPS study guide page 28-43
LO 1, AC 1.2

Modern Slavery (C) and Sustainability (D) are core social and environmental issues under ESG and ethical procurement policies.
Indemnity and warranty are legal clauses, not social or environmental considerations.
Reference: CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting - "Ethical and responsible contracting (CSR, ESG, Modern Slavery)."

Qualitative KPIs are based on pure opinions about how well or otherwise the goods are performingor the service is being delivered. Most often, these will be linked to, or convertedinto, a numerical measure.
However, such satisfaction surveys often also include free fields for respondents to explain why they feel the way they do, and what they might have liked to have been different.
On the other hand, quantitative KPIs are based on numerical measure with either definite number (e.g., actual number of orders incomplete or otherwise inaccurate during the time period) or as a percentage (e.g. number of inaccurate orders as a percentage of the total number of orders).
Openness and co-operation means that supplier is open and co-operative in its relationship with purchaser, e.
g., in terms of joint problem solving. This KPI is qualitative since it is measured by individual judgement.
Responsiveness of supplier means the supplier responds rapidly to requests for information and support without having to be chased. It is measured by the number of times requests chased as a percentage of number of requests. It is a quantitative KPI.
Customer satisfactory ratings means the level of customer's satisfaction. This KPI is measured by periodic survey and it is a qualitative KPI.
Cost management is another quantitative KPI. It can be measured by comparing between the actual costs and the contractual costs.
OTIF (one-time in-full) deliveries is a quantitative KPI. It can be measured by counting the inaccurate deliveries in the period or inaccurate deliveries as a percentage of total number of deliveries for period.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 117-122
LO 2, AC 2.2

The license can be amended during its lifespan. However, in this case, it already has a clauseallowing for mechanism of variation which sets out who can authorise changes and prohibits any oral variation. Therefore, the agreement between Rock's director and MWB credit controller is not an effective variation to the license.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 26-27
LO 1, AC 1.1

For short-term or one-off projects, leasing equipment is often more cost-effective than purchasing. It reduces the financial burden of asset ownership, such as depreciation and maintenance, especially if the equipment is not needed beyond the project's scope. Maria's decision aligns with sound procurement and asset management practices.
Reference:CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting Study Guide, Chapter 4, Section 4.1.1 - Fixed, unit rate, cost plus and leasing arrangements.