Constraints in network design refer to any limitations that must be worked within during the planning, design, and deployment phases of a project. These constraints shape the decision-making process and ultimately impact the outcome and success of the network.
According to the CWDP-305 Official Study and Reference Guide (Chapter: Wireless Design Process), the following are all common types of constraints:
Timeline: Project deadlines and delivery schedules that limit how long the design or deployment phases can take.
Personnel: Availability of skilled engineers, project managers, and support staff to execute and maintain the design.
Politics: Organizational culture, internal resistance, or conflicting stakeholder priorities that may influence technical decisions.
Budget: Financial limitations that restrict the number or type of components, tools, or services that can be purchased.
"Constraints such as time, money, human resources, and even political considerations are among the most critical factors influencing a WLAN design."
- Reference: CWDP-305 Official Study and Reference Guide, Chapter on Wireless Design Process

Laptops are more likely to support advanced wireless features such as 3x3:3 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) configurations and 256 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), which are integral to achieving the higher data rates offered by 802.11ac. These devices typically have the physical space and power resources to accommodate multiple antennas and the processing capabilities required for such advanced features.
In contrast, devices like handheld scanners, tablets, USB 2.0 adapters, and mobile phones are often limited to
1x1 or 2x2 MIMO configurations due to size, power, and cost constraints, making them less likely to support
3x3:3 MIMO and 256 QAM.
Reference: CWDP-305 Official Study and Reference Guide, Chapter on Designing for Specific Applications

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
When discrepancies are found between the physical environment and the CAD drawings during a site survey, it's crucial to update the documentation to reflect the current state accurately. Redrawing the portions of the map that have changed ensures that the design and subsequent deployment are based on accurate information, leading to a more reliable and efficient wireless network.
Reference:CWDP-305 Study Guide, Chapter on Advanced Site Surveys - Importance of Accurate Documentation.

In environments where access points (APs) are mounted on high ceilings (over 6 meters), it's essential to choose an antenna that provides adequate coverage to client devices located at floor level. A low-gain dipole antenna is vertically polarized and offers an omnidirectional radiation pattern, which is suitable for such scenarios. Its radiation pattern ensures that the signal is distributed evenly in all horizontal directions, providing consistent coverage to devices below.
Other antenna types like patch, dish, and grid are more directional and may not provide the necessary coverage for clients spread across the floor area.
Reference: CWDP-305 Official Study and Reference Guide, Chapter on Infrastructure Design

The Project Charter is a foundational document in the WLAN design process. It formally authorizes the project, detailing the objectives, scope, key stakeholders, and providing the project manager with the authority to allocate resources and begin project activities. This document ensures that all parties have a clear understanding of the project's goals and boundaries from the outset.
In contrast:
The Bill of Materials (BoM) lists the hardware and software components required for the project but does not define the project's objectives or scope.
The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) breaks down the project's deliverables into manageable sections but is developed after the project has been authorized.
The Budget outlines the financial resources allocated for the project but does not encompass the project's objectives or stakeholder information.
Reference: CWDP-305 Official Study and Reference Guide, Chapter on Wireless Design Process