The order of volatility is a concept in digital forensics and incident response that refers to the sequence in which different types of data should be preserved or collected during an investigation, based on their likelihood to change or be lost. The general principle is to start with the most volatile data first, as it is more prone to alteration or loss, and then proceed to less volatile data. The order of volatility typically follows a hierarchy from more volatile to less volatile data.

Explanation
https://www.howtogeek.com/362203/what-is-a-tar.gz-file-and-how-do-i-open-it/

The scenario of receiving an email stating a database will be encrypted unless a payment is made is an example of spear phishing. Reference: CompTIA Security+ Study Guide by Emmett Dulaney, Chapter 2: Threats, Attacks, and Vulnerabilities, Social Engineering

SSH - SSH or (Secure Shell) is a protocol that enables two computers to communicate securely by encrypting the connection. Since the question is looking to transfer files over the internet to a specific directory, the FTP protocol can be used for the file transfer itself. As SSH can be used with the FTP protocol, this allows for secure(SSH) file transfer(FTP) over the internet.
S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose internet Mail Extensions) - Digitally signs and encrypts the contents of email messages.
LDAPS(Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) - Provides authentication for directory-based traffic.
SRTP (Secure Real-time Transport Protocol) - Provides authentication/encryption for transmitted audio and video traffic.