PERT was developed to aid managers in controlling large, complex projects. PERT analysis includes probabilistic estimates of activity completion times. Three time estimates are made: Optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic. The time estimates for an activity are assumed to approximate a beta probability distribution. PERT approximates the mean of the beta distribution by dividing the sum of the optimistic time, the pessimistic time, and four times the most likely time by six.

Security measures include changing passwords frequently, that is. establishing a relatively short maximum retention period; not displaying or printing passwords; setting minimum lengths; prohibiting the use of certain words, character strings, or names, mandating a minimum retention period so users cannot promptly change passwords back to their old and convenient values; and retaining old passwords to prevent their use.

There are four phases of a business cycle: trough, recovery, peak, and recession. The trough is marked by low levels of economic activity and underuse of resources. Investors are unwilling to risk new investments in productive capacity.

According to PA 2100-6, when auditing e-commerce activities, the overall audit objective should be to ensure that all e-commerce processes have effective internal controls.

The cumulative deferred tax increases, peaks, and then decreases to zero over the life of the asset. In the early years, the asset is depreciated more quickly for tax purposes than for financial reporting purposes. This temporary difference reverses in later years. Hence, in the early years, actual taxes payable will be less than tax expense reported in the financial statements and a deferred tax liability will be recognized. By the end of the asset's useful life, cumulative actual taxes paid will equal cumulative reported tax expense, so the deferred tax balance will be zero. An entity has purchased an asset with a 10-y.'ar useful life. It will use an accelerated depreciation method for determining taxable profit or tax loss. For determining accounting profit, it will use straight-line depreciation.