Before sending or receiving EDI messages, a company should execute a trading partner agreement with its customers and suppliers. All parries should understand their responsibilities, the messages each will initiate, how they will interpret messages, the means of authenticating and verifying the completeness and accuracy of messages, the moment when the contract between the parries is effective, the [required level of security, etc.

Like products that are mass produced should be accounted for using process costing techniques to assign costs to products. Costs are accumulated by departments or cost centers rather than by jobs, work-in-process is stated in terms of equivalent units, and unit costs are established on a departmental basis. Process costing is an averaging process that calculates the average cost of all units.

The marginal cost of debt as a rate) must equal the cost of new debt as a rate) minus the tax savings as a rate). Hence, marginal cost equals the cost of new debt times one minus the marginal tax rate, or ks(1 - T). This expression equals Ka - Kat. The marginal cost of debt financing is the interest rate on new debt minus the entity's marginal tax rate multiplied by the interest rate. Moreover, the marginal or incremental cost of debt to the entity is based on the cost of newly issued debt, not on the cost of outstanding debt.