Explanation
Encryption would be the preferred method of ensuring confidentiality in customer communications with an e-commerce application. Strong passwords, by themselves, would not be sufficient since the data could still be intercepted, while two-factor authentication would be impractical. Digital signatures would not provide a secure means of communication. In most business-to-customer (B-to-C) web applications, a digital signature is also not a practical solution.

Section: INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE

Section: INFORMATION SECURITY GOVERNANCE

Planning is the key to effective implementation of information security governance. Consultation, negotiation and facilitation come after planning.

A Trojan is a program that gives the attacker full control over the infected computer, thus allowing the attacker to hijack, copy or alter information after authentication by the user. IP spoofing will not work because IP is not used as an authentication mechanism. Man-in-the-middle attacks are not possible if using SSL with client-side certificates. Repudiation is unlikely because client-side certificates authenticate the user.