Explanation
Policies define security goals and expectations for an organization. These are defined in more specific terms within standards and procedures. Standards establish what is to be done while procedures describe how it is to be done. Guidelines provide recommendations that business management must consider in developing practices within their areas of control; as such, they are discretionary.

Section: INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
Explanation:
The major risk associated with middleware in a client-server environment is that system integrity may be adversely affected because of the very purpose of middleware, which is intended to support multiple operating environments interacting concurrently. Lack of proper software to control portability of data or programs across multiple platforms could result in a loss of data or program integrity. All other choices are less likely to occur.

The board of directors and senior management are ultimately responsible for all that happens in the organization. The others are not individually liable for failures of security in the organization.

Signature-based intrusion detection systems do not detect new attack methods for which signatures have not yet been developed. False positives are not necessarily any higher, and spoofing is not relevant in this case. Long duration probing is more likely to fool anomaly-based systems (boiling frog technique).