Section: Software Development Security

Explanation
LAN 4

This definition of software engineering is a combination of popular
definitions of engineering and software. One definition of engineering
is the application of science and mathematics to the design and construction of artifacts which are useful to man. A definition of software is that it consists of the programs, documentation and operating procedures by which computers can be made useful to man.
*Answer SA/SD deals with developing specifications that are abstractions of the problem to be solved and not tied to any specific programming languages.
Thus, SA/SD, through data flow diagrams (DFDs), shows the
main processing entities and the data flow between them without any
connection to a specific programming language implementation.
*An object-oriented system is a group of independent objects that
can be requested to perform certain operations or exhibit specific
behaviors. These objects cooperate to provide the systems required
functionality. The objects have an identity and can be created as the program executes (dynamic lifetime). To provide the desired characteristics of object-oriented systems, the objects are encapsulated, i.e., they can only be accessed through messages sent to them to request performance of their defined operations. The object can be viewed as a black box
whose internal details are hidden from outside observation and cannot
normally be modifieD. Objects also exhibit the substitution property,
which means that objects providing compatible operations can be substituted for each other. In summary, an object-oriented system contains objects that exhibit the following properties:
Identity each object has a name that is used to designate that
object.
Encapsulation an object can only be accessed through messages
to perform its defined operations.
Substitution objects that perform compatible operations can be
substituted for each other.
Dynamic lifetimes objects can be created as the program executes.
*Answer functional programming uses only mathematical functions
to perform computations and solve problems. This approach is
based on the assumption that any algorithm can be described as a
mathematical function. Functional languages have the characteristics
that:
They support functions and allow them to be manipulated by
being passed as arguments and stored in data structures.
Functional abstraction is the only method of procedural
abstraction.