Section: Security Operation Adimnistration
Explanation/Reference:
The test environment must be controlled and stable in order to ensure that development projects are tested in a realistic environment which, as far as possible, mirrors the live environment.
Reference(s) used for this question:
Information Systems Audit and Control Association, Certified Information Systems Auditor 2002 review manual, chapter 6: Business Application System Development, Acquisition, Implementation and Maintenance (page
309).

A Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server can be used when configuring
network devices to transfer configurations to and from network devices. Many networking
devices now support TFTP.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the
Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3:
Telecommunications and Network Security (page 73).

Section: Network and Telecommunications
Explanation/Reference:
Firewalls can protect a network at multiple layers of the OSI models, however most of the firewalls do not have the ability to monitor the payload of the packets and see if an application level attack is taking place.
Today there are a new breed of firewall called Unified Threat Managers or UTM. They are a collection of products on a single computer and not necessarily a typical firewall. A UTM can address all of the layers but typically a firewall cannot.
Firewalls are security checkpoints at the boundaries of internal networks through which every packet must pass and be inspected, hence they create bottlenecks between the internal and external networks. But since external connections are relatively slow compared to modern computers, the latency caused by this bottleneck can almost be transparent.
By implementing the concept of border security, they centralize security services in machines optimized and dedicated to the task, thus relieving the other hosts on the network from that function.
Source: STREBE, Matthew and PERKINS, Charles, Firewalls 24seven, Sybex 2000, Chapter 1: Understanding Firewalls.

Explanation/Reference:
The CIA triad stands for Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability.

Section: Network and Telecommunications
Explanation/Reference:
A spoofing attack is when an attempt is made to gain access to a computer system by posing as an authorized user or system. Spamming refers to sending out or posting junk advertising and unsolicited mail. A smurf attack is a type of denial-of-service attack using PING and a spoofed address. Sniffing refers to observing packets passing on a network.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page
77).