SSCP Exam Question 181
Which of the following transmission media would NOT be affected by cross talk or interference?
Correct Answer: D
Explanation/Reference:
Only fiber optic cables are not affected by crosstalk or interference.
For your exam you should know the information about transmission media:
Copper Cable
Copper cable is very simple to install and easy to tap. It is used mostly for short distance and supports voice and data.
Copper has been used in electric wiring since the invention of the electromagnet and the telegraph in the
1820s.The invention of the telephone in 1876 created further demand for copper wire as an electrical conductor.
Copper is the electrical conductor in many categories of electrical wiring. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Copper and its alloys are also used to make electrical contacts.
Electrical wiring in buildings is the most important market for the copper industry. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors.
Copper Cable

Image Source - http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/570456138/FRLS_HR_PVC_Copper_Cable.jpg Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced 'ko.aks), is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented by English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented the design in 1880.Coaxial cable differs from other shielded cable used for carrying lower-frequency signals, such as audio signals, in that the dimensions of the cable are controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to function efficiently as a radio frequency transmission line.
Coaxial cable are expensive and does not support many LAN's. It supports data and video Coaxial Cable

Image Source - http://www.tlc-direct.co.uk/Images/Products/size_3/CARG59.JPG Fiber optics
An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example long distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
Fiber optics used for long distance, hard to splice, not vulnerable to cross talk and difficult to tap. It supports voice data, image and video.
Radio System
Radio systems are used for short distance,cheap and easy to tap.
Radio is the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic signals through the atmosphere or free space.
Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form.
Fiber Optics

Image Source - http://aboveinfranet.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/fiber-optic-cables-above-infranet- solutions.jpg
Microwave radio system
Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information or energy by the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimetre; these are called microwaves.
Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it. A disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation; they cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can.
Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication systems on the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and in deep space radio communications. Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy.
Microwave radio systems are carriers for voice data signal, cheap and easy to tap.
Microwave Radio System

Image Source - http://www.valiantcom.com/images/applications/e1_digital_microwave_radio.gif Satellite Radio Link
Satellite radio is a radio service broadcast from satellites primarily to cars, with the signal broadcast nationwide, across a much wider geographical area than terrestrial radio stations. It is available by subscription, mostly commercial free, and offers subscribers more stations and a wider variety of programming options than terrestrial radio.
Satellite radio link uses transponder to send information and easy to tap.
The following answers are incorrect:
Copper Cable - Copper cable is very simple to install and easy to tap. It is used mostly for short distance and supports voice and data.
Radio System - Radio systems are used for short distance,cheap and easy to tap.
Satellite Radio Link - Satellite radio link uses transponder to send information and easy to tap.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 page number 265 &
Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd Edition Page number 233
Only fiber optic cables are not affected by crosstalk or interference.
For your exam you should know the information about transmission media:
Copper Cable
Copper cable is very simple to install and easy to tap. It is used mostly for short distance and supports voice and data.
Copper has been used in electric wiring since the invention of the electromagnet and the telegraph in the
1820s.The invention of the telephone in 1876 created further demand for copper wire as an electrical conductor.
Copper is the electrical conductor in many categories of electrical wiring. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Copper and its alloys are also used to make electrical contacts.
Electrical wiring in buildings is the most important market for the copper industry. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors.
Copper Cable

Image Source - http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/570456138/FRLS_HR_PVC_Copper_Cable.jpg Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced 'ko.aks), is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was invented by English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented the design in 1880.Coaxial cable differs from other shielded cable used for carrying lower-frequency signals, such as audio signals, in that the dimensions of the cable are controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to function efficiently as a radio frequency transmission line.
Coaxial cable are expensive and does not support many LAN's. It supports data and video Coaxial Cable

Image Source - http://www.tlc-direct.co.uk/Images/Products/size_3/CARG59.JPG Fiber optics
An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example long distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
Fiber optics used for long distance, hard to splice, not vulnerable to cross talk and difficult to tap. It supports voice data, image and video.
Radio System
Radio systems are used for short distance,cheap and easy to tap.
Radio is the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic signals through the atmosphere or free space.
Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form.
Fiber Optics

Image Source - http://aboveinfranet.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/fiber-optic-cables-above-infranet- solutions.jpg
Microwave radio system
Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information or energy by the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimetre; these are called microwaves.
Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it. A disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation; they cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can.
Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication systems on the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and in deep space radio communications. Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy.
Microwave radio systems are carriers for voice data signal, cheap and easy to tap.
Microwave Radio System

Image Source - http://www.valiantcom.com/images/applications/e1_digital_microwave_radio.gif Satellite Radio Link
Satellite radio is a radio service broadcast from satellites primarily to cars, with the signal broadcast nationwide, across a much wider geographical area than terrestrial radio stations. It is available by subscription, mostly commercial free, and offers subscribers more stations and a wider variety of programming options than terrestrial radio.
Satellite radio link uses transponder to send information and easy to tap.
The following answers are incorrect:
Copper Cable - Copper cable is very simple to install and easy to tap. It is used mostly for short distance and supports voice and data.
Radio System - Radio systems are used for short distance,cheap and easy to tap.
Satellite Radio Link - Satellite radio link uses transponder to send information and easy to tap.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 page number 265 &
Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd Edition Page number 233
SSCP Exam Question 182
Which of the following statements relating to the Bell-LaPadula security model is FALSE (assuming the Strong Star property is not being used) ?
Correct Answer: C
It is not a property of Bell LaPadula model.
The other answers are incorrect because:
A subject is not allowed to read up is a property of the 'simple security rule' of Bell LaPadula model.
The property restriction can be escaped by temporarily downgrading a high level subject can be escaped by temporarily downgrading a high level subject or by identifying a set of trusted objects which are permitted to violate the property as long as it is not in the middle of an operation.
It is restricted to confidentiality as it is a state machine model that enforces the confidentiality aspects of access control. Reference: Shon Harris AIO v3 , Chapter-5 : Security Models and Architecture , Page:279282
The other answers are incorrect because:
A subject is not allowed to read up is a property of the 'simple security rule' of Bell LaPadula model.
The property restriction can be escaped by temporarily downgrading a high level subject can be escaped by temporarily downgrading a high level subject or by identifying a set of trusted objects which are permitted to violate the property as long as it is not in the middle of an operation.
It is restricted to confidentiality as it is a state machine model that enforces the confidentiality aspects of access control. Reference: Shon Harris AIO v3 , Chapter-5 : Security Models and Architecture , Page:279282
SSCP Exam Question 183
During the salvage of the Local Area Network and Servers, which of the following steps would normally be performed first?
Correct Answer: C
The first activity in every recovery plan is damage assessment, immediately followed by damage mitigation.
This first activity would typically include assessing the damage to all network and server components (including cables, boards, file servers, workstations, printers, network equipment), making a list of all items to be repaired or replaced, selecting appropriate vendors and relaying findings to Emergency Management Team.
Following damage mitigation, equipment can be recovered and LAN communications network and servers can be reinstalled.
Source: BARNES, James C. & ROTHSTEIN, Philip J., A Guide to Business Continuity Planning, John Wiley & Sons, 2001 (page 135).
This first activity would typically include assessing the damage to all network and server components (including cables, boards, file servers, workstations, printers, network equipment), making a list of all items to be repaired or replaced, selecting appropriate vendors and relaying findings to Emergency Management Team.
Following damage mitigation, equipment can be recovered and LAN communications network and servers can be reinstalled.
Source: BARNES, James C. & ROTHSTEIN, Philip J., A Guide to Business Continuity Planning, John Wiley & Sons, 2001 (page 135).
SSCP Exam Question 184
A Security Kernel is defined as a strict implementation of a reference monitor mechanism responsible for enforcing a security policy. To be secure, the kernel must meet three basic conditions, what are they?
Correct Answer: D
Explanation/Reference:
A security kernel is responsible for enforcing a security policy. It is a strict implementation of a reference monitor mechanism. The architecture of a kernel operating system is typically layered, and the kernel should be at the lowest and most primitive level.
It is a small portion of the operating system through which all references to information and all changes to authorizations must pass. In theory, the kernel implements access control and information flow control between implemented objects according to the security policy.
To be secure, the kernel must meet three basic conditions:
completeness (all accesses to information must go through the kernel),
isolation (the kernel itself must be protected from any type of unauthorized access), and verifiability (the kernel must be proven to meet design specifications).
The reference monitor, as noted previously, is an abstraction, but there may be a reference validator, which usually runs inside the security kernel and is responsible for performing security access checks on objects, manipulating privileges, and generating any resulting security audit messages.
A term associated with security kernels and the reference monitor is the trusted computing base (TCB).
The TCB is the portion of a computer system that contains all elements of the system responsible for supporting the security policy and the isolation of objects. The security capabilities of products for use in the TCB can be verified through various evaluation criteria, such as the earlier Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) and the current Common Criteria standard.
Many of these security terms-reference monitor, security kernel, TCB-are defined loosely by vendors for purposes of marketing literature. Thus, it is necessary for security professionals to read the small print and between the lines to fully understand what the vendor is offering in regard to security features.
TIP FOR THE EXAM:
The terms Security Kernel and Reference monitor are synonymous but at different levels.
As it was explained by Diego:
While the Reference monitor is the concept, the Security kernel is the implementation of such concept (via hardware, software and firmware means).
The two terms are the same thing, but on different levels: one is conceptual, one is "technical" The following are incorrect answers:
Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability
Policy, mechanism, and assurance
Isolation, layering, and abstraction
Reference(s) used for this question:
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 13858-13875). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
A security kernel is responsible for enforcing a security policy. It is a strict implementation of a reference monitor mechanism. The architecture of a kernel operating system is typically layered, and the kernel should be at the lowest and most primitive level.
It is a small portion of the operating system through which all references to information and all changes to authorizations must pass. In theory, the kernel implements access control and information flow control between implemented objects according to the security policy.
To be secure, the kernel must meet three basic conditions:
completeness (all accesses to information must go through the kernel),
isolation (the kernel itself must be protected from any type of unauthorized access), and verifiability (the kernel must be proven to meet design specifications).
The reference monitor, as noted previously, is an abstraction, but there may be a reference validator, which usually runs inside the security kernel and is responsible for performing security access checks on objects, manipulating privileges, and generating any resulting security audit messages.
A term associated with security kernels and the reference monitor is the trusted computing base (TCB).
The TCB is the portion of a computer system that contains all elements of the system responsible for supporting the security policy and the isolation of objects. The security capabilities of products for use in the TCB can be verified through various evaluation criteria, such as the earlier Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) and the current Common Criteria standard.
Many of these security terms-reference monitor, security kernel, TCB-are defined loosely by vendors for purposes of marketing literature. Thus, it is necessary for security professionals to read the small print and between the lines to fully understand what the vendor is offering in regard to security features.
TIP FOR THE EXAM:
The terms Security Kernel and Reference monitor are synonymous but at different levels.
As it was explained by Diego:
While the Reference monitor is the concept, the Security kernel is the implementation of such concept (via hardware, software and firmware means).
The two terms are the same thing, but on different levels: one is conceptual, one is "technical" The following are incorrect answers:
Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability
Policy, mechanism, and assurance
Isolation, layering, and abstraction
Reference(s) used for this question:
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 13858-13875). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.
SSCP Exam Question 185
What is the main characteristic of a bastion host?
Correct Answer: B
Section: Network and Telecommunications
Explanation/Reference:
A bastion host is a special purpose computer on a network specifically designed and configured to withstand attack. The computer hosts a single application, for example a proxy server, and all other services are removed or limited to reduce the threat to the computer. It is hardened in this manner primarily due to its location and purpose, which is either on the outside of the firewall or in the DMZ and usually involves access from untrusted networks or computers.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_host
Explanation/Reference:
A bastion host is a special purpose computer on a network specifically designed and configured to withstand attack. The computer hosts a single application, for example a proxy server, and all other services are removed or limited to reduce the threat to the computer. It is hardened in this manner primarily due to its location and purpose, which is either on the outside of the firewall or in the DMZ and usually involves access from untrusted networks or computers.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_host
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