A broadcast storm is a network condition where a large number of broadcast packets are sent and received by multiple devices, causing congestion and performance degradation. A broadcast storm can occur when there are loops in the network topology, meaning that there are multiple paths between two devices.
A spanning tree protocol is a network protocol that prevents loops from being formed when switches or bridges are interconnected via multiple paths. It does this by creating a logical tree structure that spans all the devices in the network, and disabling or blocking the links that are not part of the tree, leaving a single active path between any two devices.
By eliminating loops, a spanning tree protocol also eliminates broadcast storms, as broadcast packets will not be forwarded endlessly along the looped paths. Instead, broadcast packets will be sent only along the tree structure, reaching each device once and avoiding congestion.

BGP attributes are properties that BGP uses for route advertisement, path selection, and loop prevention. There are four categories of BGP attributes:
Well-known mandatory: Must be recognized by all BGP routers, present in all BGP updates, and passed on to other BGP routers.
Well-known discretionary: Supported by all BGP implementations, and are optionally included in BGP updates.
Optional transitive: May not be supported by all implementations of BGP.
Optional non-transitive: May not be supported by all implementations of BGP. The well-known mandatory attributes must be supported by all BGP implementations and must be included in every update. These include the AS path and next hop attributes.