Online Access Free CKS Exam Questions

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Choose a Vulnerability Scanner:
- Select a reputable container image vulnerability scanner. Popular options include:
- Aqua Security: A comprehensive platform that offers image scanning, runtime security, and policy enforcement.
- JFrog Xray: A vulnerability scanner that integrates with JFrog Artifactory, providing deep scanning capabilities.
- Ancnore Engine: An open-source scanner that can be deployed on-premises or in the Cloud.
2. Integrate with Your Registry (if applicable):
- If your vulnerability scanner support integration with your registry (e.g., Docker Hub, Harbor), configure it to scan images automatically as they are pushed.
- This approach provides real-time vulnerability scanning, ensuring that only secure images are available for deployment.
3. Implement a Scanning Pipeline (if needed):
- If your chosen scanner doesn't integrate with your registry, build a scanning pipeline using a CI/CD tool like Jenkins, GitLab Cl, or CircleCl.
- The pipeline should:
- Pull the image from the registry.
- Run the vulnerability scanner against the image.
- Fail the build if any critical vulnerabilities are found.
- If no critical vulnerabilities are found, push the scanned image to the registry with a tag indicating its scan status.
4. Configure Kubernetes Policies:
- Use Kubernetes policies (like Pod Security Policies or Admission Controllers) to enforce the following:
- Restrict deployments to images with a "scanned" tag: This ensures only images that have undergone vulnerability scanning are deployed.
- Block deployments of images with known critical vulnerabilities: This prevents deployment of images with unacceptable risks.
5. Monitor Scanning Results:
- Continuously monitor vulnerability scanning results.
- Keep track of vulnerabilities found and their severity.
- Update your policies to reflect changes in vulnerability scanning results.
6. Remediation and Patching:
- Have a process in place to remediate and patch vulnerabilities found in images.
- Work with developers and security teams to address vulnerabilities promptly.

Solution (Step by Step):
1. Review Cluster Features: Analyze your cluster configuration and identity features that are not used by your critical application. This might include unnecessary network services, ingress controllers, or resource quotas.
2. Disable Unused Features:
- Network Services: You might disable or remove network services that are not required for your application's functionality. This could include removing unused NodePons or disabling unused Ingress controllers.
- Ingress Controllers: If you are not using Ingress controllers, disable them or remove the associated configuration.
- Resource Quotas: If you do not need resource quotas for your application, disable them.
- Other Features: You can disable other features like the dashboard, network policy enforcement, or other security features that you may not require.
3. Disable Unnecessary Components: Remove unused components or services that are not essential for your application.
4. Minimize Services Exposed to the Internet: Only expose the necessary services to the public internet and restrict access to other services to authorized users or applications.

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Generate Certificates:
- Create a Certificate Authority (CA) to issue certificates for the microservice and the database.
- Generate a self-signed certificate and key for the CA.
- Example (using OpenSSL):
bash
openssl genrsa -out cakey 2048
openssl req -new -x509 -key ca.key -out ca.crt -days 365 -subj Francisco/O=My Company/OU=lT Department/CN=myCA"
2. Generate Certificates for the Microservice and Database:
- Use the CA certificate and key to sign certificates for tne microservice and the database.
- Example (using OpenSSL):
bash
# Generate a certificate request for the microservice
openssl req -new -key microservice-key -out microservice-csr -subj "/C=US/ST=California/L=San Francisco,'O=My Company/OU=lT
Department/CN=microservice"
# Sign the certificate request with the CA
openssl x509 -req -in microservice.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -out microservice-crt -days 365
# Repeat for the database
3. Create Kubernetes Secrets:
- Create secrets in the cluster to store the certificates and keys for the microservice and database.
- Example:

4. Configure the Microservice Container: - Update tne microservice deployment YAML to mount the certificate and key secret. - Set the 'TLS parameters in the database connection string. - Example:

5. Configure the Database Container: - Repeat the steps for the database container, using the database certificate and key. 6. Verify Communication: - Ensure that the microservice can connect to the database securely using mutual TLS authentication. - Test the application to ensure that it functions correctly. These are just a few examples of how to create and utilize custom base images, network policies, RBAC, and mutual TLS- Implementing robust security in Kubernetes is an ongoing effort that requires continuous monitoring and updates to mitigate potential threats.

Solution (Step by Step):
1. Download the binaries: Download the kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl binaries for your desired version from the official Kubernetes release page
(httpswgitnub.com/kubernetes/kllbernetes,treleases](httpswwww.google.com/url?
sa=E&source=gmail&q=httpswgithub.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases)).
2. Verify the checksums: Compare the SHA-256 checksums of the downloaded binaries with the checksums provided on the release page.
bash
sna256sum kubeadm kubelet kubectl
3. Verify the signatures (optional): If you require stronger assurance, download the corresponding signature files (.asc) and verify the signatures using
the official Kubernetes public key.
bash
gpg --verify kubeadm.sha256.asc kubeadm
4. Install the binaries: Once you have verified the integrity of the binaries, install them in the appropriate locations on your nodes.
bash
sudo install -o root -g root -m 0755 kubeadm kubelet kubectl /usr/bin/
5. Proceed with cluster deployment: After verifying and installing the binaries, you can proceed with deploying your Kubernetes cluster using kubeadm.

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. User Roles and Permissions:
- Define specific roles with minimal permissions for different user groups based on their responsibilities.
- For example, developers might have access to deploy applications, while operations team members might have access to manage resources.
- use RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) in Kubemetes to define roles and assign them to users.
2. Service Account Permissions:
- Create separate service accounts for each application or service in the cluster.
- Grant the service accounts only the necessary permissions to perform their specific tasks.
- Avoid using default service accounts with broad permissions.
- Employ the "principle ot least privilege" by defining minimal permissions for service accounts.
3. Pod Security Policies (PSPs):
- Implement PSPs to enforce security constraints on pods, restricting resources that they can access.
- Define PSPs to allow only specific container images, disable privileged containers, limit resource requests, and enforce other security controls.
- Consider using Pod Security Admission (PSA) as a replacement for PSPs in Kubernetes 1.25+.
4. Network Policies:
- Implement network policies to control network communication between pods and services.
- Define rules that allow only necessary traffic between pods, restricting any unnecessary or unauthorized connections.
5. Secret Management
- Utilize Kubernetes Secrets to store sensitive information like passwords and API keys.
- Limit access to secrets based on the principle of least privilege.
- Avoid storing sensitive information directly in deployment YAML files.