(A) Protein is vital for the maintenance of muscle to aid in breathing. A high-calorie diet using higher fat than carbohydrate content is given because clients are unable to breathe off the excess CO2that is an end product of carbohydrate metabolism. (B) Inadequate nutritional status, in particular, deficiencies in vitamins A and C, decreases resistance to infection. (C) Milk does not make mucus thicker. It may coat the back of the throat and make it feel thicker. Rinsing the mouth with water after drinking milk will prevent this problem. (D) Small, frequent meals minimize a fullness sensation and reduce pressure on the diaphragm. The work of breathing and SOB are also reduced.

Explanation
(A) Elevation of head of bed and neutral head position promote drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. (B) Flat position increases intracranial pressure and impedes cerebrospinal fluid drainage. (C) Head turned to either side impedes cerebrospinal fluid drainage. (D) Child should be in a calm, quiet environment with minimal stimulation.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A, B, C) These methods are healthy ways of dealing with anxiety. (D) Participation minimizes feelings of helplessness and powerlessness. It is important that parents have accurate information and that they seek support from sources available to them.

Explanation
(A) These clients are at high risk for seizures during the 1st week after cessation of alcohol intake. (B) Fluid intake should be increased to prevent dehydration. (C) Environmental stimuli should be decreased to prevent precipitation of seizures. (D) Application of restraints may cause the client to increase his or her physical activity and may eventually lead to exhaustion.

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
(A) Reaction formation is the development and demonstration of attitudes and/or behaviors opposite to what an individual actually feels. The client's comment does reveal her anger and hostility. (B) Rationalization, another ego defense mechanism, is offering a socially acceptable or seemingly logical explanation to justify one's feelings, behaviors, or motives. The client's comment does not reflect rationalization. (C) Splitting, the viewing of people or situations as either all good or all bad, is frequently used by persons experiencing a disruption in self-concept. This ego defense mechanism is reflective of the individual's inability to integrate the positive and negative aspects of self. (D) Sublimation, the channeling of socially unacceptable impulses and behaviors into more acceptable patterns of behavior, is another ego defense mechanism. The client's comment reveals that she is not engaging in sublimation.