The innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit parameter controls how often the InnoDB log is flushed to disk. Setting it to 1 ensures that logs are flushed after every transaction commit, ensuring data durability.

Multi-primary replication (also known as multi-master replication) allows multiple servers to act as both a source and a replica, meaning they can accept updates and replicate changes to each other.

The HeatWave Cluster accelerates analytic queries by processing them in-memory. This significantly improves query performance for data analytics workloads in MySQL Database Service (MDS).

MySQL Performance Schema is designed to analyze and monitor real-time query performance, identify bottlenecks, and provide detailed statistics about server operations.

InnoDB tables can store their data in separate .ibd files if the innodb_file_per_table option is enabled. These files contain both the table data and indexes for each table.