The MySQL privilege system is used to define and control user permissions to access, modify, or manage MySQL databases. It ensures that users have only the necessary privileges for their tasks, enhancing security.

Monitoring InnoDB buffer pool performance requires tracking the buffer pool hit rate (which measures how often data is retrieved from the buffer pool) and buffer pool reads (which shows how often data must be read from disk instead of memory).

The innodb_file_per_table option determines whether each InnoDB table is stored in a separate .ibd file instead of the shared tablespace.

Asynchronous replication is most vulnerable to data loss because the primary server does not wait for the replicas to confirm that they have applied changes. If the primary server crashes, there may be unreplicated transactions.

The PROCESS privilege allows users to view active queries and running processes in the MySQL server, using commands like SHOW PROCESSLIST.