The SQL Parser and the Storage Engine Layer are key components of the MySQL architecture. The SQL Parser translates SQL queries into execution plans, while the Storage Engine Layer manages how data is stored and retrieved.

MySQL Performance Schema is available in both Community and Enterprise Editions, providing tools for analyzing and optimizing database performance.

MySQL Enterprise Backup and MySQL Enterprise Audit are exclusive to the Enterprise Edition. These features provide advanced backup and security auditing capabilities essential for enterprise environments.

GTID (Global Transaction Identifier) tracks transactions across all nodes in the MySQL InnoDB Cluster, ensuring that each transaction has a unique identifier and can be replicated consistently across all nodes. This is crucial for maintaining consistency in high availability environments.

The innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit parameter controls how often the InnoDB log is flushed to disk. Setting it to 1 ensures that logs are flushed after every transaction commit, ensuring data durability.