Explanation
The PDCA paradigm cycle is widely recognized as a process-centric approach. The PDCA cycle, also known as the Deming cycle or the Shewhart cycle, is a four-step model for carrying out change and improvement in a systematic and consistent way. The PDCA cycle consists of the following phases: Plan, Do, Check, and Act.
The Plan phase involves identifying the problem, setting the objectives, and developing the plan for improvement. The Do phase involves implementing the plan and carrying out the actions. The Check phase involves monitoring and measuring the results and comparing them with the objectives. The Act phase involves taking corrective actions, standardizing the improvement, and reviewing the process. The PDCA cycle is a process-centric approach because it focuses on the processes and their interactions that deliver the desired outcomes and performance. The PDCA cycle helps to ensure that the processes are planned, executed, evaluated, and improved in a continuous and consistent manner. The PDCA cycle is also aligned with the process approach principle of ISO 22301, the international standard for business continuity management systems. ISO 22301 requires the organization to apply the PDCA cycle to its business continuity management system, as well as to its individual processes and activities. The PDCA cycle helps the organization to establish, implement, operate, monitor, review, maintain, and continually improve its business continuity management system and its ability to respond to and recover from disruptive incidents. References:
ISO 22301 Auditing eBook, Chapter 1: Introduction to Business Continuity Management Systems, Section 1.3: PDCA Cycle1 ISO 22301:2019 - Security and resilience - Business continuity management systems - Requirements, Clause 0.3: The Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle2 What is the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle?3

Explanation
Organizational activities are the actions and processes that an organization performs to achieve its objectives and deliver its products and services. These activities are exposed to innumerable threats that have the potential to compromise the achievement of corporate goals. These threats can be internal orexternal, natural or man-made, intentional or accidental, and can affect the organization's resources, capabilities, reputation, and continuity. Some examples of threats that can disrupt organizational activities are:
Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, storms, fires, or pandemics Cyber-attacks, such as hacking, malware, ransomware, denial-of-service, or data breaches Human errors, such as mistakes, negligence, or miscommunication Malicious acts, such as sabotage, theft, fraud, vandalism, or terrorism Supply chain issues, such as delays, shortages, quality problems, or contractual disputes Regulatory changes, such as new laws, standards, or policies that affect the organization's operations or compliance Market changes, such as shifts in customer demand, preferences, or expectations, or increased competition or innovation Social changes, such as changes in demographics, culture, values, or behaviors that affect the organization's stakeholders or environment To protect against these threats and ensure the continuity of organizational activities, organizations need to implement a business continuity management system (BCMS) that follows the requirements of ISO 22301. A BCMS is a set of policies, procedures, and practices that enable an organization to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disruptions when they arise. A BCMS helps an organization to identify its critical activities, assess the risks and impacts of potential disruptions, develop strategies and plans to mitigate and manage the disruptions, and test and improve the effectiveness of the BCMS. By implementing a BCMS, an organization can enhance its resilience, reduce its losses, and maintain its reputation and customer satisfaction. References: : What is ISO 22301 standard and what is its purpose? : Building Business Resilience: A Guide to ISO 22301 Certification : ISO 22301:2019(en), Security and resilience ? Business continuity management systems ?
Requirements

Explanation
Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is the approach that manages the full spectrum of risks and their combined impact as an interrelated risk profile to the organization. ERM enables an organization to consider the potential impact of all types of risks on all processes, activities, stakeholders, products and services1. ERM helps an organization to align its strategy, processes, technology, and knowledge with the purpose of evaluating and managing the uncertainties it faces2. ERM is a holistic and integrated approach that covers strategic, operational, financial, and compliance risks, as well as opportunities3. References:
ISO 31000:2018, clause 3.1
ISO 22301 Auditing eBook, page 11
Enterprise Risk Management - Integrating with Strategy and Performance, page 4

Explanation
According to ISO 22301 Auditing eBook, Chapter 3.2.1, people-oriented objectives are the objectives that are related to shaping the attitudes, behaviours, and skills of individuals within the organization. These objectives aim to enhance the awareness, competence, and commitment of the personnel involved in the business continuity management system (BCMS). Some examples of people-oriented objectives are:
To increase the level of business continuity awareness among all employees by conducting regular training and awareness sessions.
To ensure that all business continuity roles and responsibilities are clearly defined and communicated to the relevant personnel.
To develop and maintain the necessary skills and knowledge for performing business continuity tasks and activities.
To foster a culture of business continuity within the organization that encourages participation, collaboration, and continuous improvement.
People-oriented objectives are important for ensuring that the organization has the human resources required for implementing and maintaining the BCMS, and for achieving the desired business continuity performance and results. References: ISO 22301 Auditing eBook, Chapter 3.2.1.