In the context of Agile software development, when a programmer begins writing the first version of a program after receiving requirements from customers, they are engaging in the Implementation phase. This phase is characterized by the actual coding or development of the software, where the focus is on turning the design and analysis work into a working product. It's a part of the iterative process where developers create, test, and refine the software in successive iterations.
The Agile approach emphasizes incremental development and frequent feedback, with each iteration resulting in a potentially shippable product increment. The Implementation phase is where these increments are built, and it typically follows the Design phase, where the system's architecture and components are planned out.

To determine if the difference between two values is greater than 1, the subtraction operation should be used.
By subtracting one value from the other, you obtain the difference. If this difference is greater than 1, it confirms that the two values are separated by more than a single unit. This is a fundamental operation in programming and mathematics for comparing magnitudes and is supported by the logical comparison operator > which checks if the result of the subtraction is greater than 1123.
References:
* Using Logical Operator to Test 'If Greater Than' Condition1.
* Comparison Operators in Excel2.
* Assembly language comparison technique3.

The algorithm depicted in the image is a simple loop that iterates 5 times. Each iteration multiplies the current value of i by 2 and adds it to the variable sum. The loop starts with i equal to 1 and sum equal to 0. Here's the breakdown:
* First iteration: i = 1, sum = 0 + (1 * 2) = 2
* Second iteration: i = 2, sum = 2 + (2 * 2) = 6
* Third iteration: i = 3, sum = 6 + (3 * 2) = 12
* Fourth iteration: i = 4, sum = 12 + (4 * 2) = 20
* Fifth iteration: i = 5, sum = 20 + (5 * 2) = 30
However, the algorithm includes a condition that checks if sum is greater than 10. If this condition is true, the algorithm outputs the value of i and stops. This condition is met during the third iteration, where sum becomes
12. Therefore, the algorithm outputs the value of i at that point, which is 3.
References: The explanation is based on the standard behavior of loops and conditional statements in programming. For more information on algorithms and their implementation, you can refer to resources like
"Introduction to Algorithms" by Cormen et al. and online platforms like GeeksforGeeks1.

The type of language that requires variables to be declared ahead of time and prohibits their types from changing while the program runs is known as a statically typed language. In statically typed languages, the type of a variable is determined at compile-time and cannot be changed during runtime. This means that the compiler must know the exact data types of all variables used in the program, and these types must remain consistent throughout the execution of the program. Statically typed languages require developers to declare the type of each variable before using it, which can help catch type errors during the compilation process, potentially preventing runtime errors and bugs.
References:1
https://www.remotely.works/blog/understanding-the-differences-static-vs-dynamic-typing-in-programming-lang

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Object-oriented languages are defined by their use of objects, which combine data (attributes) and operations (methods) to model real-world entities. According to foundational programming principles, this encapsulation of data and behavior is a hallmark of OOP languages.
* Option A: "Supports creating programs as items that have data plus operations." This is correct. OOP languages (e.g., C++, Java, Python) organize programs into objects, where each object contains data (fields or attributes) and operations (methods). For example, a Car object might have data like speed and methods like accelerate().
* Option B: "Supports creating programs as a set of functions." This is incorrect. This describes functional or procedural languages (e.g., C, Haskell), where programs are structured as functions or procedures, not objects.
* Option C: "Requires a compiler to translate to machine code." This is incorrect. Not all OOP languages require compilation to machine code (e.g., Python is interpreted). Compilation is a characteristic of some languages (e.g., C++, Java), not a defining feature of OOP.
* Option D: "Can be run on any machine that has an interpreter." This is incorrect. While some OOP languages (e.g., Python) are interpreted, others (e.g., C++) are compiled. Interpretability is not specific to OOP.
Certiport Scripting and Programming Foundations Study Guide (Section on Object-Oriented Programming).
Java Documentation: "Defining Classes" (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/).
W3Schools: "Python Classes and Objects" (https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_classes.asp).