The Egmont Group's 100 Cases1, the Financial Action Task Force Typologies2, and FinCEN's SAR Activity Review3 are all sources of information related to money laundering trends, methods, and risks. They provide examples, analysis, and guidance on how to detect, prevent, and report money laundering and other financial crimes. The Wolfsberg Principles4, on the other hand, are a set of global standards for the prevention of moneylaundering in the correspondent banking and private banking sectors. They are not intended to provide information on money laundering trends, but rather to establish best practices and minimum requirements for financial institutions to comply with anti-money laundering regulations and expectations.
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Egmont Group's 100 Cases1
Financial Action Task Force Typologies2
FinCEN's SAR Activity Review3
The Wolfsberg Principles4

Implementing a sound customer due diligence (CDD) program is the most effective way to prevent money laundering through financial institutions, according to experts. CDD is the process of identifying and verifying the identity of customers and assessing their risk profile, source of funds, and expected activity.
CDD helps financial institutions to detect and prevent money laundering by enabling them to know their customers, monitor their transactions, and report any suspicious or unusual behavior. CDD is also a key requirement of the international standards and best practices for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT), such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendations and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) Guidelines.
The other options are not as effective as CDD, as they are either too narrow or too broad in scope. Ensuring that transaction monitoring systems can identify terrorist financing is important, but it does not address the broader issue of money laundering, which may involve other types of criminal proceeds or activities.
Collecting information on beneficial owners and foreign customers is a part of CDD, but it is not sufficient by itself, as it does not cover the risk assessment and ongoing monitoring aspects of CDD. Instituting a policy prohibiting the acceptance of funds intended for terrorist financing is a good practice, but it is not a preventive measure, as it relies on the assumption that the funds are already identified as such, which may not be the case.
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Customer Due Diligence - FATF-GAFI.ORG
Sound management of risks related to money laundering and financing of terrorism - Bank for International Settlements CAMS Study Guide 6th Edition, page 36-37.

TheFATF Grey Listconsists of countries withAML/CFT deficienciesthat havecommitted to reforms.
Option C (Correct):Grey-listed jurisdictionsare underincreased monitoringand mustaddress identified deficiencieswithin a set timeframe.
Option A (Incorrect):Yellow noticesare used byINTERPOL, not FATF.
Option B (Incorrect):Red noticesrefer toINTERPOL arrest warrants, not FATF monitoring lists.
Option D (Incorrect):FATF doesnot maintain a "white list"of compliant jurisdictions.
Reference:FATF Public Statements, FATF Mutual Evaluation Reports, FATF Jurisdictions Under Increased Monitoring (Grey List).

a vehicle that is historically most often used to hide beneficial ownership, which is an offshore company. An offshore company is a legal entity that is incorporated or registered in a foreign jurisdiction, usually with low or no taxes, high confidentiality, and lax regulation. Offshore companies can be used by money launderers and other criminals to conceal the true identity and ownership of the funds or assets that they control, andto evade taxes, reporting, or legal obligations in their home jurisdictions. Offshore companies can also be layered with other vehicles, such as trusts, foundations, or nominees, to create complex and opaque structures that make it difficult for authorities to trace the source and destination of illicit funds.
The other options are not necessarily vehicles that are most often used to hide beneficial ownership, although they may pose some risks or challenges depending on the circumstances and the risk profile of the customers and countries involved. Option A describes a professional association, which is a group of individuals or entities that share a common profession or interest, such as lawyers, accountants, or doctors. Professional associations may be involved in money laundering or terrorist financing as facilitators, intermediaries, or advisors, but they are not typically used to hide beneficial ownership. Option C describes a limited liability partnership, which is a legal entity that combines the features of a partnership and a corporation, and limits the liability of its partners. Limited liability partnerships may be used by money launderers or terrorist financiers to obscure the ownership or control of funds or assets, but they are not as common or as secretive as offshore companies. Option D describes a charitable organization, which is a non-profit entity that is established for a charitable, religious, educational, or other public benefit purpose. Charitable organizations may be abused by money launderers or terrorist financiers to divert funds or assets for illicit purposes, but they are not usually used to hide beneficial ownership.
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ACAMS CAMS Certification Video Training Course - 6th Edition1
Exam CAMS: Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialist (the 6th edition)2 ACAMS CAMS Study Guide - 6th Edition, Chapter 4, pages 86-87: https://www.acams.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ACAMS-CAMS-Study-Guide-6th-Edition-Chapter-4.
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According to the Wolfsberg Anti-Money Laundering Principles for Private Banking, the beneficial owners of a private banking account are those who generally have ultimate control over the funds in the account and those who are the ultimate source of funds for the account and whose source of wealth should be subject to due diligence1. These two criteria are meant to ensure that the bank knows who is ultimately behind the account and where the funds come from, in order to prevent the use of the bank for money laundering or other criminal purposes. Authorized signers on the account or those who have legal title to a controlling share interest in the customer are not necessarily the beneficial owners, as they may act on behalf of others or have limited influence over the account.: 1: Wolfsberg Anti-Money Laundering Principles for Private Banking (2012), Section 1.3.1 and 1.3.2, 1 Reference:https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/sites/default/files/wb/pdfs/wolfsberg-standards/10.%
20Wolfsberg-Private-Banking-Prinicples-May-2012.pdf(2)