Piaget's stages of cognitive development:
1. Infancy (birth to 2 years): Sensorimotor
2. Early Childhood (2 to 5 years): Preoperational
3. Middle Childhood (6 to 11 years): Concrete operational
4. Adolescence (11 to 19 years): Formal operational
During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop object permanence. Object permanence is the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health considered the obstacles that all nurses encounter as they provide high-quality health care in the United States. They developed four key messages:
1. Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education.
2. Nurses should seek higher levels of education through seamless academic progression.
3. Nurses should be full and equal partners with physicians.
4. To improve the quality of health care, nurses need an improved information infrastructure.

Evidence-based practice demands the use of the best knowledge. The evidence hierarchy ranks sources of knowledge according to the strength of the information they provide. The best evidence comes from Level 1 of the evidence hierarchy, and the weakest evidence comes from Level 7. Level 7 includes the opinions of authorities and expert committees.
* Level 1 (strongest): Systematic review of randomized controlled trials or systematic review of nonrandomized trials
* Level 2: Single randomized controlled trial or single nonrandomized trial
* Level 3: Systematic review of correlational or observational studies
* Level 4: Single correlational or observational study
* Level 5: Systematic review of descriptive, qualitative, or physiologic studies
* Level 6: Single descriptive, qualitative, or physiologic study
* Level 7 (weakest): Opinions of authorities and expert committees

Extrapyramidal symptoms, such as akathisia, dystonia, and parkinsonism, are common side effects of antipsychotic medications. Anticholinergic medications, such as benztropine and trihexyphenidyl, can alleviate these symptoms.
Increasing the dosage of the patient's antipsychotic medication is incorrect; the medication may need to be discontinued depending on the situation. Administering a benzodiazepine to the patient is unlikely to resolve their symptoms. Extrapyramidal symptoms are typically unrelated to substance abuse.

Autocratic leadership is characterized by a single leader who makes all decisions and does not seek input from others. The leader is in control of the group and often uses power to get things done. This leadership style can be effective in situations where decisions need to be made quickly or when the leader has specialized knowledge and expertise.