Section: INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND RESPONSE

Explanation
The business impact analysis (BIA) determines the possible outcome of a risk and is essential to determine the appropriate cost of control. The risk analysis process provides comprehensive data, but does not determine definite resources to mitigate the risk as does the BIA. The risk management balanced scorecard is a measuring tool for goal attainment. A risk-based audit program is used to focus the audit process on the areas of greatest importance to the organization.

Explanation
When security policies are strictly enforced, more resources are initially required, thereby increasing, the total cost of security. There would be less need for frequent modification. Challenges would be rare and the need for compliance reviews would not necessarily be less.

The most effective way to avoid paying the ransom in a ransomware attack is to have a properly tested offline backup system. A ransomware attack is a type of cyberattack that encrypts the victim's data or systems and demands a payment for the decryption key. A properly tested offline backup system is a method of storing copies of the data or systems in a separate location that is not connected to the network or the internet. By having a properly tested offline backup system, the hospital can restore its critical server from the backup without paying the ransom or losing any data. The other options are not the most effective way to avoid paying the ransom in a ransomware attack, although they may be some preventive or detective measures. Employee training on ransomware is a preventive measure that can help raise awareness and reduce the likelihood of falling victim to phishing or other social engineering techniques that may deliver ransomware. However, it does not guarantee that employees will always follow best practices or that ransomware will not enter the network through other means. A continual server replication process is a method of creating copies of the server data or systems in real time or near real time. However, it may not be effective against ransomware, as the replication process may also copy the encrypted data or systems, making them unusable. A properly configured firewall is a preventive measure that can help block malicious network traffic and prevent unauthorized access to the server. However, it does not guarantee that ransomware will not bypass the firewall through other channels, such as email attachments or removable media.

Explanation
Information security governance (ISG) is the process of establishing and maintaining a framework to provide assurance that information security strategies are aligned with and support business objectives, are consistent with applicable laws and regulations through adherence to policies and internal controls, and provide assignment of responsibility, all in an effort to manage risk1. Effective ISG ensures that information security is integrated into corporate governance and is considered an essential component of enterprise governance2. Information security is not just the responsibility of the information security team, but of all stakeholders in the organization3. Information security controls are not assigned to risk owners, but to control owners who are accountable for implementing and maintaining the controls4. Information security governance is not based on an external security framework, but on the organization's own objectives, risk appetite, and compliance requirements. References = 1: CISM Review Manual (Digital Version), page 3 2: CISM Review Manual (Digital Version), page 4 3: CISM Review Manual (Digital Version), page 5 4: CISM Review Manual (Digital Version), page 14 : CISM Review Manual (Digital Version), page 16