A 20 kW array has a measured output of 16 kW at 800 W/m² irradiance. What is the performance loss due to irradiance?

A site has an average wind speed of 25 mph and is classified as Exposure Category C per ASCE 7. What is the minimum wind design speed for the PV array structure?

A ground-mount array uses driven piles with a lateral load capacity of 500 lbs. The wind load calculation yields a lateral force of 600 lbs per pile. What must be done?

A rooftop PV system is proposed for a commercial building with a membrane roof. The structural engineer specifies a maximum allowable dead load of 5 psf. The PV modules weigh 3 psf, and the racking adds 1.5 psf.
What additional load can be added without exceeding the limit?

A rooftop PV system is being installed on a residential building with a 30-degree tilt angle. The modules are oriented directly south in a location where the solar noon altitude on December 21st is 30 degrees. What is the minimum distance required between two rows of modules to avoid shading between 9 AM and 3 PM solar time, assuming the module height is 3 feet?