Traffic shaping on the R1-R2 link will smooth bursts by buffering and pacing excess packets, preventing drops and minimizing instability under high-load conditions. It also provides real-time visibility into queue depths and drop rates, enabling the engineer to monitor and adjust thresholds as needed.

In Ethernet VPN (EVPN), both single-active and all-active are specific operational modes defined for Ethernet Segment Multihoming. This occurs when a Customer Edge (CE) device is physically connected to two or more Provider Edge (PE) routers for redundancy and high availability.
Single-Active Multihoming: The CE is connected to multiple PEs, but traffic for a specific Ethernet Segment (ES) is active on only one PE at a time. If the active PE link fails, traffic switches to the backup PE.
All-Active Multihoming: The CE is connected to multiple PEs, and all concurrent links are active and capable of forwarding traffic simultaneously (allowing per-flow load balancing using LACP/LAG).

After migrating the core to Segment Routing, the pseudowire no longer has a transport LSP; the output shows "Preferred path: not configured" and "Default path: no route." Configuring a preferred MPLS path (e.g., an SR/TE policy) from the local PE to the remote PE restores the transport label stack, bringing the L2VPN VC up.