Failure to successfully resolve the psychosocial stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion is linked to delinquent behavior, borderline psychotic episodes, and gender-related identity disorders.
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development:
* Trust vs. Mistrust: birth to 12-18 months
* Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: 12-18 months to 3 years
* Initiative vs. Guilt: 3 to 5-6 years
* Industry vs. Inferiority: 5-6 years to adolescence
* Identity vs. Role Confusion: adolescence to adulthood
* Intimacy vs. Isolation: adulthood
* Generativity vs. Stagnation: middle adulthood
* Ego Integrity vs. Despair: late adulthood
Failure to resolve the Industry vs. Inferiority stage can contribute to creative inhibition. Failure to resolve the Initiative vs. Guilt stage can lead to the development of conversion disorder, phobias, and psychosomatic disorders. Failure to resolve the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt phase can lead to the development of paranoia, obsessions, and compulsions.

The following techniques are used in strategic therapy:
* Straightforward directives are tasks designed in expectation of the family member's compliance.
* A paradoxical directive is also a task, negative in nature, that is assigned when family members are resistant to change and the member is expected to be non-compliant. This technique should be used with caution.
* Reframing belief systems is when problematic behaviors are relabeled to have a more positive meaning.
Asking an exception-finding question is a technique used in solution-focused therapy.
Asking a miracle question is a technique used in solution-focused therapy.
Structural mapping is a technique used in structural family therapy.

Other gastrointestinal side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, and anorexia.
Fine hand tremors, mental cloudiness, and nystagmus are all side effects of the central nervous system, not the gastrointestinal system.

Personality disorders are chronically maladaptive patterns of behavior that result in functional impairment in work, school, or relationships. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition defines 10 specific personality disorders divided into three clusters: Cluster A, Cluster B, and Cluster C.
Cluster A patients are characterized as withdrawn, cold, suspicious, and irrational. Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
Cluster B patients are characterized as theatrical, emotional, and attention-seeking. They often experience intense interpersonal conflicts and exhibit an extremely labile mood. Cluster B includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Cluster C patients tend to be anxious, fearful, tense, and overcontrolled. Cluster C includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is a gold-standard assessment tool used to evaluate the presence and severity of PTSD symptoms in individuals who have experienced trauma. The CAPS is a comprehensive, structured interview that assesses the frequency and intensity of PTSD symptoms, as well as their impact on daily functioning.
The BAI, SDS, and HAM-A are all screening tools used to assess anxiety and depression symptoms. While anxiety and depression symptoms can co-occur with PTSD, they do not specifically assess PTSD symptoms. Therefore, the most appropriate assessment tool for the PMHNP to use in evaluating the severity of the patient's PTSD symptoms is the CAPS.