Inferential statistics are numerical values that enable one to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone. Examples include:
* t-test: assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other
* Analysis of variance (ANOVA): tests the difference among three or more groups
* Pearson's r correlation: tests the relationship between two variables
* Probability: the likelihood of an event occurring
* p-value (level of significance): describes the probability of a particular result occurring by chance alone (e.g., if p = 0.01, there is a 1% probability of obtaining the result by chance alone)

The correct answer to the question "Which is not part of the brainstem?" is "amygdala." The amygdala is not located within the brainstem; rather, it is part of the limbic system, which is crucial for processing emotions and memory. The brainstem, on the other hand, consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It plays a critical role in regulating involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, and is also involved in relaying information between the brain and the spinal cord.
The midbrain, also known as the mesencephalon, is the uppermost part of the brainstem. It is involved in functions such as vision, hearing, eye movement, and body movement. The importance of the midbrain lies in its role in reflexes to visual and auditory stimuli.
The pons lies beneath the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata and serves as a major pathway for communication between different parts of the brain. It also plays a crucial role in regulating sleep and respiratory functions.
The medulla oblongata, which is the lowest part of the brainstem, connects the higher levels of the brain to the spinal cord. It is vital for controlling autonomic functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and digestion.
In contrast, the amygdala, which is part of the limbic system, is primarily associated with emotional processes and has a key role in the formation of emotional memories and decision-making. It is not involved in the autonomic or direct sensory-motor functions that characterize the brainstem.
Therefore, when identifying parts that are not of the brainstem, the amygdala stands out since it functions quite differently and is located in a different part of the brain compared to the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Olfactory nerve (CN I)
The olfactory nerve transmits information to the brain regarding a person's sense of smell. This cranial nerve assessment is performed by having the client close their eyes to identify familiar odors.
Optic nerve (CN II)
The optic nerve transmits information to the brain regarding a person's vision.
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
The oculomotor nerve helps control muscle movements of the eyes. The oculomotor nerve provides movement to most of the muscles that move the eyeball and upper eyelid, known as extraocular muscles. The oculomotor nerve also helps with involuntary functions of the eye.
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
The trochlear nerve is also involved in eye movement. The trochlear nerve, like the oculomotor nerve, originates in the midbrain. It powers the contralateral superior oblique muscle, which allows the eye to point downward and inward.
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve and has both motor and sensory functions. Its motor functions help a person to chew and clench the teeth, and it gives sensation to muscles in the tympanic membrane of the ear. This test is performed by touching the face and corneal reflex of the eye with a wisp of cotton and pin-pricking the skin and mucosa to test touch.
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
The abducens nerve also helps control eye movements. It helps the lateral rectus muscle, which is one of the extraocular muscles, to turn the gaze outward.
Facial nerve (CN VII)
The facial nerve functions to produce facial expressions and has both motor and sensory functions.
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
The vestibulocochlear nerve is involved with a person's hearing and balance. It is assessed by checking the client's hearing using an audiometer or by simply whispering in the client's ear. Hearing loss is tested with the Weber and Rinne tests.
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
The glossopharyngeal nerve possesses both motor and sensory functions. It is involved with the sensation of taste on the back of the tongue.
Vagus nerve (CN X)
The vagus nerve has a range of functions, providing motor, sensory, and parasympathetic functions. It plays a role in taste sensation, provides movement to the throat and soft palate, and regulates heart rhythm.
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
The accessory nerve provides motor function to the neck. It controls muscles that allow a person to rotate, extend, and flex the neck and shoulders. The cranial part of the accessory nerve combines with the vagus nerve.
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
The hypoglossal nerve is a motor nerve that supplies the tongue muscles.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is rare but can occur at any time a patient is taking antipsychotic medications. It is most common with atypical antipsychotics within the initial two weeks of therapy.
Emergency treatment is focused on cardiopulmonary management and discontinuation of the medication. Dantrolene is used to reduce muscle rigidity.

Adolescent client assessments take much longer, and the nurse practitioner needs to allow for extra time when performing evaluations.
Furthermore,
* The PMHNP must develop a trusting relationship with the child to them at ease.
* Interviews with the child and the parent should be separate so that the child can provide information on internal symptoms and family or care providers on external signs.
* The PMHNP must attend to the developmental needs and interests of the child.
* The PMHNP must attend to the cognitive and language abilities of the child.