Solution (Step by Step):
1. Apply Namespace-Level Network Policy: Create a network policy that restricts pods within the "dev" namespace from accessing any resources outside the namespace.
- Create a YAML file for the Network Policy:

2. Deploy the Network Policy: Apply the YAML file using ' kubectl apply -f networkpolicy.yamr Note: This policy allows pods within "dev" to communicate with each other but blocks communication with pods in other namespaces.

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Choose a 2FA Provider:
- Select a suitable 2FA provider that integrates with Kubernetes- Popular choices include:
- Google Authenticator: A Widely used and free 2FA provider.
- Duo Security: A commercial 2FA provider with comprehensive features.
- YubiKey: A hardware security key offering strong 2FA.
2. Configure the 2FA Provider:
- Install and Configure the Provider: Follow the providers instructions to install and configure it within your Kubernetes environment.
3. Enable 2FA for Kubernetes:
- Install a 2FA Extension: Install a Kubernetes extension that integrates with your chosen 2FA provider. These extensions typically require
configuration to connect to your 2FA provider's API.
- Configure Authentication: Modify the Kubernetes API servers authentication configuration to enforce 2FA. This may involve using the authorization-mode' flag, setting up an authentication plugin, or modifying the 'kubelet' configuration.

4. Generate and Distribute 2FA Keys: - Generate 2FA Keys: Use the 2FA provider's tools to generate unique 2FA keys for each user. - Distribute Keys: Distribute the 2FA keys to users securely (e.g., through email or a dedicated 2FA management system). 5. Test the Configuration: - Verify 2FA Enforcement: Attempt to access the Kubernetes API server using a user account. You should be prompted to enter the 2FA code generated by your chosen provider - Validate Successful Authentication: Confirm that the 2FA configuration is correctly implemented and that users can access the API server only after successful 2FA verification.

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a NetworkP01icy:
- Define a NetworkPoIicy resource with a 'podSeIector that matches the 'web-app' Deployment.
- Create an 'ingress' rule that allows traffic from pods within the same namespace.
- Use the 'from' field to specify the namespace and set the 'namespaceselector' to 'matchLabels: {}' to include all pods in the namespace.
- Ensure that the port 8080 is included in the 'ports' field.

2. Apply the NetworkPolicy: - Apply the YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f web-app-namespace-policy.yaml 3. Verify the NetworkPoIicy: - Use 'kubectl get networkpolicies' to list the available network policies. - Use 'kubectl describe networkpolicy web-app-namespace-policy' to view the details of the applied policy. 4. Test the NetworkPolicy: - Deploy a pod in the same namespace as the 'web-app' Deployment and attempt to access the API endpoint Verify that the connection is successful. - Deploy a pod in a different namespace and attempt to access the API endpoint Verity that the connection is denied.

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create Network Policy: Create a NetworkPolicy YAML file named 'monitoring-access.yaml' to define the allowed communication:

- This policy allows ingress traffic to the 'api-server' namespace only from pods Within the 'monitoring' namespace. 2. Apply Network Policy: use 'kubectr to apply the NetworkPolicy: bash kubectl apply -f monitoring-access-yaml 3. Verify Network Policy: Check that the NetworkPolicy is applied: bash kubectl get networkpolicies -n api-server 4. Test Access: Try communicating from a pod in the 'monitoring' namespace to a pod in the 'api-server' namespace. This communication should be allowed. Try communicating from a pod in a different namespace to a pod in the 'api-server' namespace. This communication should be blocked. This NetworkPolicy restricts ingress traffic to the 'api-server' namespace. It only permits connections from pods within the 'monitoring' namespace, effectively enforcing a controlled access policy between these namespaces.

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Choose a Minimal Base Image:
- Select a base image like Alpine Linux, which is known for its small size and security features.
- Use a multi-stage build to minimize the size of the final image.
- Example:
docket-file
FROM alpine:3.16 as builder
# Install required dependencies
RUN apk update && apk add --no-cache python3 python3-dev build-base

2. Security Best Practices: - Use a non-root user inside the container. - Enable security options in your Dockerfile like '-no-cache' to minimize potential vulnerabilities. - Harden the base image: - Remove unnecessary packages and services. - Disable unnecessary pons and protocols. - Set appropriate permissions for files and directories. - Example: dockeflle FROM alpine:3.16 as builder USER nonrootuser RUN apk update && apk add 0--no-cache python3 python3-dev build-base # ... rest of the Dockerfile 3. Deployment Process: - Build the custom base image. - Push the base image to a private registry. - Update the deployment YAML file to use the new base image. - Example:

4. Testing and Monitoring: - Regularly scan the base image for vulnerabilities. - Monitor the container for suspicious activity - Employ security tools like Falco and Clair-