Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Identity the vulnerable port:
- For this example, assume the vulnerable port is 8080.
2. Create a Securitycontext for the web server:

3. Apply the updated Deployment: bash kubectl apply -f web-app-deployment.yaml - The 'securityContext' is used to restrict the capabilities of the container. - 'drop: ["NET BIND SERVICET prevents the container from binding to ports below 1024 (including port 8080). - This policy will prevent pods from accessing the vulnerable web server port and mitigate the CVE. Important Notes: - You can adjust the 'drop' list to restrict other capabilities as needed. - You might need to redeploy the web application with a different port that is not restricted-

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Vulnerability Scanning:
- Use a Container Image Scanner: Employ tools like ' Trivy', 'snyk' , or 'Aqua Security' to scan the image for known vulnerabilities in the base image, libraries, and dependencies. These tools leverage vulnerability databases to identify vulnerabilities and provide severity ratings.
- Scan the Image: Execute the scanner tool against the container image to identity any vulnerabilities present. For example:
bash
trivy image
- Analyze the Scan Report: Review the scan report to identify vulnerable components. Prioritize fixing vulnerabilities based on their severity and impact.
2. Security Best Practices:
- Check for Minimal Image Size: Ensure the image is as small as possible by removing unnecessary files and dependencies. Smaller images reduce attack surface and improve security.
- Verify Image Origim Check if the base image is from a trusted source (e.g., an official repository) and is not tampered with. IJse signing techniques to ensure image integrity.
- Check for Open Ports: Audit the image's Dockerfile to ensure that only necessary ports are exposed.
- Minimize Privileges: Verify that the container runs with the least privileged user ID and does not have unnecessary capabilities.
3. Runtime Behavior Analysis:
- Analyze System Calls: Use tools like 'strace' or 'ptrace' to capture and analyze the system calls made by the container during runtime. This can help identity suspicious behavior or potential vulnerabilities-
- Monitor Network Traffic: Observe the containers network traffic for any unexpected or malicious connections.
- Log Analysis: Implement comprehensive logging within the container and analyze log entries for any security-related events.

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Understand Seccomp: Seccomp (Secure Computing Mode) is a Linux kernel feature that allows you to restrict the system calls that a process can make. You can define a profile that lists the allowed system calls, effectively creating a "sandbox" for the container.
2. Create a Seccomp Profile: You can create a Seccomp profile in a JSON format. Here's an example:

3. Apply the Seccomp Profile: You can apply the Seccomp profile to your container using the 'securitycontext' field in your Deployment YAML.

4. Test and Verify: After deploying your Deployment, test your application and make sure it functions as expected. You can verity that the Seccomp profile is working by attempting to run commands within the container that are not allowed by your profile.

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Generate the Signature:
- The trusted entity uses a signing key and algorithm to create a signature for the container image.
- The signature is typically stored as a separate file or within a manifest file associated with the image.
2. Configure the Kubernetes Cluster:
- Enable the 'ImageSignatureVerification' feature gate in your Kubernetes cluster. This feature gate enables the cluster to verity image signatures-
- Configure the 'ImageP01icyWebh00k' to point to a custom webnook server that will handle the signature verification process.
3. Implement the Webhook Server:
- Create a custom webhook server that will be responsible for verifying the image signature.
- This server will:
- Receive tne image manifest and signature from Kubernetes.
- Validate the signature using the trusted entity's public key.
- Return a success or failure status to Kubernetes based on the verification outcome.
4. Pull the Signed Image:
- When you pull the signed image from the registry, Kubernetes will:
- Fetch the image manifest and signature.
- Send them to the 'ImagePolicyWebhooR for verification.
- If the webhook returns a success status, the image will be allowed to run.
- If the webhook returns a failure status, the image will be rejected.
5. Example Implementation:
- You can use tools like 'cosign' or 'sigstores to generate and verify image signatures.
- Implement the webhook server using a programming language like Go or Python.
# Example using cosign to verify a signature cosign verify -key
- This command will use the provided public key to verify the signature of the specified image.
6. Security Considerations:
- Ensure that the webhook server is secure and only accessible to authorized Kubernetes components.
- Use robust authentication and authorization mechanisms for the webh00k server.
- Consider implementing rate limiting to protect against potential denial-of-service attacks.

Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create Role for Each Team:
- dev-role.yaml:

- ops-role_yaml:

2. Create RoleBindings for Each Team: - dev-rolebinding.yaml:

- ops-rolebinding.yaml:

3. Apply the Roles and RoleBindings: - Apply the YAML files using kubectl apply -f dev-role.yaml dev-rolebinding.yaml ops-role.yaml ops-rolebinding.yamr 4. Create Test Deployments (with Team Labels): - Create a deployment labeled with steam: devs and another labeled with 'team: ops'. You can use 'kubectl create deployment with the appropriate label. 5. Verify RBAC Permissions: - Log in as the "dev" user and attempt to manage the "dev" team deployment. - Log in as the "ops" user and attempt to manage the "ops" team deployment - The users should only be able to access the deployments belonging to their respective teams.